Molecular Society

The Research Journal.

Peptide education, research insights, and clear answers.

Glass research vials on a dark lab bench

Featured Guide

Peptide Basics: What They Are & What to Know

What peptides are, the difference between prescription and research peptides, and what to know about legality, pricing, and storage.

Read Article 5 min read

Latest Articles

Peptide Education

The Complete Guide to Tirzepatide in 2026

How tirzepatide works, SURMOUNT trial results, dosing schedule, side effects, 2026 pricing, and how it compares to other GLP-1s.

9 min read

Peptide Education

Semax vs Adamax: What’s the Difference?

How Adamax’s chemical changes differ from Semax, what each compound’s research actually shows, and their regulatory status.

7 min read

Research

Tesamorelin: The Complete Guide for 2026

The FDA-approved GHRH analog for visceral fat: how it works, trial results, side effects, and what’s new with Egrifta WR.

8 min read

Research

NAD+ Research: What the Studies Show

A simple look at the limited research on subcutaneous and intramuscular NAD+, early safety findings, and open questions.

4 min read

Skincare

The Guide to Peptides and Skincare

GHK-Cu, SNAP-8, glutathione, and KPV compared: what each does for skin and how strong the evidence is.

8 min read

Research

BPC-157: The Easy Guide for 2026

What BPC-157 is, what the mostly animal research shows, the 2026 FDA advisory vote, and its WADA status.

6 min read

Research

ATX-304: The Easy Guide for 2026

The investigational oral AMPK activator called an “exercise pill”: how it works and what early trials report.

6 min read

Peptide Education

What Is Glutathione?

The body’s “master antioxidant” explained: what it does, reduced vs oxidized forms, and what supplement research shows.

5 min read

Peptide Education

What Is KPV? The Anti-Inflammatory Peptide

A tripeptide from α-MSH studied for gut and skin inflammation. How it is thought to work and where the evidence stands.

5 min read

Research

What Is Dihexa? The Cognitive Peptide Explained

What Dihexa is, the animal memory research behind the hype, and the safety concerns that remain unanswered.

6 min read

Peptide Education

Which Peptides Are FDA-Approved?

Only a small number of peptides are FDA-approved drugs. See which ones made the list, which are research compounds, and the in-between cases.

6 min read

Peptide Education

Retatrutide vs. Tirzepatide

A clear comparison of retatrutide and tirzepatide, including how they work, key research differences, side effects, and current FDA status.

8 min read

Research

How to Read a Certificate of Analysis

Learn what's actually in a COA, how to spot key details, and what to look for when evaluating peptide purity, testing methods, and batch data.

7 min read

Research

The Complete Guide to Retatrutide in 2026

How retatrutide works, the latest Phase 3 trial results, side effects, FDA approval status, and how it compares to semaglutide and tirzepatide.

10 min read

Peptide Education

Do Peptides Show Up on Drug Tests?

Standard workplace panels don't screen for peptides, but WADA anti-doping tests do. What to know for work and sport.

5 min read

Peptide Education

What Is Microdosing a GLP-1? What the Evidence Says

What GLP-1 microdosing means, why people try it, and what the evidence actually shows for semaglutide, tirzepatide, and retatrutide.

7 min read

Tools & Tracking

How to Use a TDEE Calculator to Track Macros

A TDEE calculator estimates how many calories you burn each day. Learn how to adjust for your goal and split calories into protein, carbs, and fat.

6 min read

Peptide Education

GLP-1 and Anhedonia: What the Evidence Says

Some GLP-1 users report feeling emotionally flat or less interested in things they used to enjoy. Here's what the research shows.

6 min read

Peptide Education

Do GLP-1s Cause Hair Loss? What the Evidence Says

Hair loss can happen on GLP-1s, but it's usually temporary and linked to rapid weight loss. What the trials show and how to reduce it.

7 min read

Research

What Is Cagrilintide? The Amylin Peptide Behind CagriSema

Cagrilintide is a long-acting amylin analog studied for weight loss alone and in CagriSema. How it works, trial results, side effects and 2026 FDA status.

6 min read

Research

What Is MOTS-c? The Mitochondrial Peptide Explained

MOTS-c is a peptide made by your mitochondria and studied for metabolism, insulin sensitivity and exercise. Research, safety and the 2026 FDA panel vote.

6 min read

Peptide Education

What Is Ipamorelin? The Selective GH Peptide Explained

Ipamorelin is a selective growth hormone secretagogue that targets the ghrelin receptor. How it works, research, side effects and FDA status in 2026.

6 min read

Peptide Education

What Is CJC-1295? DAC vs No DAC Explained

CJC-1295 is a GHRH analog that raises growth hormone and IGF-1. The difference between DAC and no DAC, what studies show, side effects and FDA status.

6 min read

Peptide Education

What Is Semax? The Nootropic Peptide From Russia

Semax is an ACTH-derived nasal peptide used in Russia for stroke and cognition. How it works, BDNF research, side effects and the 2026 FDA panel vote.

6 min read

Peptide Education

What Is Selank? The Anti-Anxiety Peptide Explained

Selank is a Russian nasal peptide studied for anxiety without sedation. How it works on GABA and BDNF, clinical research, side effects and US status.

6 min read

Research

What Is TB-500? Thymosin Beta-4 and Healing Explained

TB-500 is a synthetic peptide based on thymosin beta-4, studied for wound and tissue repair. Research, safety, the 2026 FDA panel vote and WADA status.

6 min read

Research

What Is Epitalon? The Telomerase Peptide Explained

Epitalon (Epithalon) is a four-amino-acid peptide studied for telomerase, melatonin and aging. What the research shows, its limits and 2026 FDA status.

6 min read

Research

What Is SS-31 (Elamipretide)? The Mitochondria Peptide

SS-31, now the FDA-approved drug elamipretide (Forzinity), targets mitochondria. How it works, the Barth syndrome approval, research and side effects.

6 min read

Peptide Education

What Is Kisspeptin? The Peptide Behind Testosterone and Fertility

Kisspeptin controls the reproductive hormone axis. How kisspeptin-10 affects LH and testosterone, fertility and libido research, side effects and status.

6 min read

Peptide Education

What Is PT-141 (Bremelanotide)? The Libido Peptide Explained

PT-141 (bremelanotide) is the FDA-approved Vyleesi for low sexual desire in women. How it works in the brain, trial results, side effects and limits.

6 min read

Research

What Is Melanotan II? The Tanning Peptide and Its Risks

Melanotan II is an unapproved tanning peptide that also affects libido and appetite. How it works, research, melanoma concerns and 2026 regulatory status.

6 min read

Peptide Education

What Is Sermorelin? The Original GHRH Peptide

Sermorelin is a GHRH analog once FDA-approved as Geref. How it raises growth hormone, what studies show, side effects, and how it compares to tesamorelin.

6 min read

Research

What Is AOD-9604? The Growth Hormone Fragment Explained

AOD-9604 is a modified fragment of growth hormone studied for fat loss. What the human trials found, why development stopped, safety and 2026 status.

6 min read

Research

What Is 5-Amino-1MQ? The NNMT Inhibitor Explained

5-Amino-1MQ is a small molecule that blocks the NNMT enzyme and was studied in obese mice. How it works, what the research shows, and what is still unknown.

6 min read

Research

What Is Thymosin Alpha-1? The Immune Peptide Explained

Thymosin alpha-1 (Zadaxin) is an immune peptide approved in 35+ countries for hepatitis. How it works, clinical trials, the 2025 sepsis trial and US status.

6 min read

Research

What Is LL-37? The Body’s Own Antimicrobial Peptide

LL-37 is the only human cathelicidin, a natural antimicrobial peptide studied for infections, biofilms and wound healing. Research, risks and 2026 status.

6 min read

Research

What Is DSIP? The Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide Explained

DSIP (delta sleep-inducing peptide) was found in 1977 and studied for sleep and stress. What the research shows and why an FDA panel rejected it in 2026.

6 min read

Research

What Is SLU-PP-332? The “Exercise in a Pill” Compound

SLU-PP-332 is an experimental ERR agonist that boosted endurance and fat loss in mice. What the studies show, its limits, and why no human trials exist yet.

6 min read

Research

What Is MK-677 (Ibutamoren)? The Oral GH Secretagogue

MK-677 (ibutamoren) is an oral ghrelin-receptor agonist that raises growth hormone and IGF-1. What trials found, blood sugar and heart risks, and FDA status.

6 min read

Research

What Is Survodutide? The Glucagon/GLP-1 Drug Explained

Survodutide is a glucagon/GLP-1 dual agonist from Boehringer Ingelheim. How it works, 2026 SYNCHRONIZE phase 3 results, liver fat data, side effects and status.

7 min read

Research

What Is Oxytocin? The Bonding Hormone, Explained

Oxytocin is a 9-amino-acid peptide hormone used in childbirth and studied for social behavior, autism and appetite. How it works, what trials show and its status.

6 min read

Research

What Is Pinealon? The Khavinson Brain Peptide Explained

Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) is a 3-amino-acid Khavinson bioregulator studied for brain aging and oxidative stress. Mechanism, research, limits and 2026 status.

6 min read

Research

What Is FOXO4-DRI? The Senolytic Peptide Explained

FOXO4-DRI is an experimental senolytic peptide that clears senescent “zombie” cells in mice. How it works, the 2017 Cell study, risks and 2026 status.

6 min read

Research

What Is Melanotan I? Afamelanotide and Tanning Explained

Melanotan I (afamelanotide) is a melanocortin peptide approved as Scenesse for a rare light-sensitivity disorder. How it works, research, vitiligo trials and risks.

6 min read

Research

What Is VIP? Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Explained

VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) is a 28-amino-acid neuropeptide that relaxes blood vessels and calms inflammation. Research on lungs, COVID and CIRS, and status.

6 min read

Research

What Is ARA-290? The Nerve Repair Peptide Explained

ARA-290 (cibinetide) is an EPO-derived peptide studied for small fiber neuropathy and nerve repair. How it works, human trial results, safety and 2026 status.

6 min read

Research

What Is PE-22-28? The Fast-Acting Mood Peptide Explained

PE-22-28 is a shortened spadin analog that blocks the TREK-1 channel and showed fast antidepressant-like effects in mice. Mechanism, research, risks and status.

6 min read

Research

What Is the Wolverine Blend? BPC-157 + TB-500 Explained

The Wolverine blend combines BPC-157 and TB-500, two repair peptides studied mainly in animals. What’s in it, how each works, evidence, FDA status and risks.

6 min read

Research

What Is the KLOW Blend? GHK-Cu, KPV, BPC-157 & TB-500

KLOW combines GHK-Cu, KPV, BPC-157 and TB-500 in one research blend. What each peptide does, the evidence, how it compares with GLOW, FDA status and risks.

7 min read